The first Afghan dynasty. Sikandar Lodi founded Agra. Ibrahim Lodi was defeated by Babur in the First Battle of Panipat (1526), ending the Sultanate era. Administration and Revenue Systems

Understand the political timeline across the Mamluk (Slave), Khilji, Tughlaq, Sayyid, and Lodi dynasties.

Muhammad bin Tughlaq attempted ambitious but failed projects: transferring the capital to Daulatabad, introducing token currency, and launching the Khurasan expedition.

Alauddin Khalji’s market reforms and "Daagh and Chehra" system in the military are frequent UPSC topics.

Preached devotion ( bhakti ) to a personal god as the path to salvation. Rejected caste rigidities and ritualism.

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Focus on the impact of a ruler's policy rather than every battle they fought.

Medieval history is best understood by visualizing the shifting borders of empires like the Cholas or the Mughals.

[Early Medieval Tripartite Struggle] / \ / \ Gurjara-Pratiharas <---> Palas \ / \ / Rashtrakutas The Tripartite Struggle